What is an HVAC System?

Several factors make an apartment appealing to potential buyers. The location, price, and modern amenities are certainly among the features that make it a top pick. People want different things in an apartment building. Some like having a gym or pool to play in, while others prefer smart home technology for apartments. Besides, proper airflow and heat regulation systems are must-haves for the property to be habitable. Imagine cooking in a poorly ventilated kitchen on a hot summer day or sleeping in a cold bedroom on a winter night. This is where the HVAC system in apartments becomes essential as it optimises the air quality and room temperature. Ample room temperature and fresh air are vital for hassle-free living.

Though often heard of, some of you may have little idea about what is HVAC system. HVAC refers to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. It uses various technologies to regulate the temperature, humidity, and air quality of closed spaces. HVAC setup is usually a part of residential buildings such as homes and apartments. It is also a part of hotels, hospitals, industrial workspaces, and large vehicles, such as ships. HVAC systems make properties comfortable to retreat and function. Let us understand them in detail and how they impact life in a multi-tenant facility.

Types of Apartment HVAC Systems

Builders pay great attention to residential HVAC systems as they enhance property value, comfort, and energy efficiency. Different apartments and homes possess different HVAC types depending on their design, age, and needs. Meanwhile, potential buyers are keen on the benefits and costs of different HVAC types. HVAC designs have changed over time to meet varying climates and preferences. Every HVAC setup includes primary components for heating, cooling, and ventilation. Based on the zone, distribution, and location of HVAC equipment, its two main classifications are – centralised and decentralised.

1. Centralised HVAC System

In a centralised system, one HVAC unit located in a single zone serves the entire building from one designated area. The primary equipment exists as a consolidated unit away from the apartment. A network of ducts for distribution helps condition the building as a whole. Centralised HVAC systems also handle the heating and cooling needs of common areas. They meet the needs of typical 1-and-2-BHK apartments. They consume less space, are cost-effective, and are easy to maintain.

Examples of centralised HVAC designs are as follows:

1. Forced-air systems: They include an air conditioning unit or face as the central unit. A system of ducts distributes the heated or cooled air throughout the apartment.
2. Hydronic systems: They warm the indoors evenly by circulating hot water. A boiler heats water, which is then distributed through pipes and radiators.

2. Decentralised HVAC System in Apartments

A decentralised or local HVAC system in apartments consists of individual units for each residence. They allow personalization through independent control of the indoor climate. They are energy efficient as the airflow and temperature of various indoor areas can be adjusted based on use. Though their installation costs and maintenance needs exceed that of centralised, they are flexible, as units can be added or removed based on demand. Moreover, a malfunction of one unit does not affect the working of another. They are ideal for larger apartments that are 3-BHk or more.

Examples of decentralised HVAC implementations are as follows:

1. Split systems: They are the most common type consisting of two separate units – the indoor unit meant for heating and the outdoor unit for cooling. A split system can be ducted or ductless. 
2. Mini-split systems: They include one or more indoor units connected to an outdoor compressor. They fulfil heating and cooling needs and offer flexibility in placement.
3. Ductless system: This type of split system operates without ducts. Instead of refrigerant lines, it uses small pipes to transfer coolness or heat between the indoor and outdoor units. Indoor units are usually mounted on ceilings or walls and have individual remote controllers.
4. Window air conditioners: They are self-contained and the most basic type of decentralised cooling unit. They are directly installed into a window frame and provide cooling for a single room.
5. Packaged systems: These systems integrate all heating and cooling components into a single unit. Unlike split systems, they house everything, including a condenser, compressor, coils and fans, in one cabinet. They are typically designed for an entire apartment or house.

Though not a standalone category, sometimes a Hybrid HVAC system is used. It combines the components of decentralised and centralised systems. It offers comfort and energy efficiency in situations such as renovation, varying occupancy patterns, fluctuating climate or specific room comfort needs.

How HVAC System in Apartments Work?

While fascinating elements of modern technology apartment projects in Kerala grab eyes, basic features, such as the HVAC system, often go unnoticed. It works tirelessly to optimise the indoor temperature and air quality, which are vital for well-being. It is worth understanding how HVAC units work to offer a comfortable living experience. The operation of HVAC is based on the principles of fluid mechanics, thermodynamics and heat transmission. Different HVAC types warm up and chill the indoors in different ways. Some use a heat pump, while others use a condenser for cooling. However, the basic working remains common for all.

A typical HVAC operation involves the intake of the air from the surroundings, cooling or heating it as needed and then circulating it indoors. Every HVAC setup includes units for cooling and heating along with a duct system to deliver cool or warm air. Following is the typical functioning of each unit:

Heating Unit:

A furnace is a common component of the HVAC heating unit. It operates on any of the fuels, such as propane, natural gas or electricity and converts it into heat. The heat propagates to the heat exchanger, where air from the surroundings blows over it. The furnace’s blower distributes the warm air through the duct system into the indoors. The efficiency of the furnace burner is gauged using a metric called the Annual Fuel Utilisation Efficiency (AFUE) rating. A minimum rating of 80% is mandatory, which implies an 80% conversion of the fuel into heat, regardless of the fuel.

Cooling Unit:

The air conditioner is the typical cooling unit of most HVAC systems. When the thermostat notes a need to reduce the temperature, it signals the AC unit. The indoor unit’s fan pulls the air from the indoors. This air passes through filters and evaporator coils and cools down as the refrigerant absorbs it. The blower fan then distributes the cool air through the duct system. The Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) value of cooling systems indicates their energy efficiency. A cooling unit should ideally have a minimum SEER value of 13, while 20 or above implies higher efficiency.

These units often include various other components. Ventilation systems vent the air out of the residence. Humidifiers and dehumidifiers assist in controlling the air’s moisture levels. Air purifiers clean the air of spores, viruses and germs.

Maximising Comfort and Efficiency

The goal of incorporating an HVAC system in apartments is to maximise comfort and quality of living and minimise the cost incurred on power. It depends on various aspects, including the choice of HVAC setup, the appliances, and insulation. Proper insulation and sealing of air leaks help you save energy. The choice of HVAC system should be based on your apartment type, size and climatic factors. Routine checks and maintenance of the HVAC equipment help to sustain optimal performance. Selecting energy-efficient appliances and maximising the use of natural light contribute to overall energy efficiency.  

Common Issues

While HVAC systems offer comfort, they can face common issues over time. These issues include dirty filters that reduce airflow and efficiency, faulty thermostats causing inconsistent temperatures, and even refrigerant leaks that reduce the effectiveness of cooling. Likewise, drainage issues may lead to water damage and mould, and electrical issues can contribute to system failures. Frequent short cycling and wear and tear may call for regular maintenance, which adds further to the issue. However, addressing these common issues of the HVAC system in apartments can help extend the lifespan of the system.

Conclusion

The HVAC system in apartments plays a crucial role in ensuring comfortable and habitable living by regulating the temperature and quality of the air. It is rather important for both homeowners and property owners to understand the various types of HVAC systems, their operation, and the common issues that may arise. Properly maintaining the system by addressing any issues associated with it may help in its effective functioning. At Confident Group, we prioritise the well-being of our residents by providing reliable and advanced HVAC systems, making sure that every home is a space of comfort and convenience.